A Novel Method for Measurement Gastric Emptying Using Three-dimensional Micro Computed Tomography in Small Live Animal

No abstract available.

Effect of DA-9701 on Feeding Inhibition Induced by Acute Restraint Stress in Rats

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Stress has a role in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia (FD) and influences food intake in humans and animals. Prokinetic drugs have been used in FD, and some of these drugs reverse the feeding inhibition (FI) induced by acute restraint stress in rats. We aimed to evaluate the effect of DA-9701 on FI induced by acute restraint in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: Control (no stress), Stress+vehicle, and Stress+DA-9701 at doses of 1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg (n=6~7). DA-9701 or vehicle was administered through gastric gavage 45 minutes before stress. After 60 minutes of stress, pre-weighed chow was given and the weight of remaining food was measured 30 and 60 minutes later. The effect of DA-9701 on FI was compared after pretreatment with WAY100635, a 5HT1A antagonist. RESULTS: The restraint stress group had significantly less food intake than the control group. After feeding, rats given 1 and 3 mg/kg of DA-9701 showed increased food intake at 60 minutes, but this was not statistically significant. Rats given 10 mg/kg of DA-9701 showed significantly increased food intake at 30 minutes and 60 minutes (P < 0.05). Interestingly, rats given 30 mg/kg of DA-9701 showed a significant decrease in food intake, similar to that of the vehicle group. The beneficial effect of 10 mg/kg of DA-9701 on FI was abolished by the pretreatment with WAY100635. CONCLUSIONS: Acute restraint stress reduced food intake in rats and pretreatment with DA-9701 improved stress-induced FI.

New economical and simple device for intraoperative expansion on small and medium sized soft tissue defects

Intraoperative expansion has been used to cover small to large defects without disadvantages of the conventional tissue expanders. Various materials, for example, expanders and Foley catheters are being used. We introduce a new, convenient and economical device immediately available in the operating room, according to the defect size for intraoperative expansion, with latex gloves or balloons. The retrospective study was done with 20 patients who presented with skin and soft tissue defects. During the operation, expansion was done with latex gloves or balloons inflated with saline through an intravenous line and a three-way stopcock. After the inflation, the glove was removed and skin was covered with expanded tissue. A careful decision was made regarding the inflation volume and placement of the expander according to the defect size. There were no postoperative complications. The skin contracture and tension was minimal with a texture similar to the adjacent tissue. The new intraoperative expansion devices with latex gloves and balloons were cheap and made easily right in the operation room. The reconstruction of small to large sized skin defects can be done successfully, functionally and aesthetically without using expensive commercial materials.

Is Robot-Assisted Surgery Really Scarless Surgery? Immediate Reconstruction with a Jejunal Free Flap for Esophageal Rupture after Robot-Assisted Thyroidectomy

Esophageal perforation is a rare but potentially fatal complication of robot-assisted thyroidectomy (RAT). Herein, we report the long-term outcome of an esophageal reconstruction with a jejunal free flap for esophageal rupture after RAT. A 33-year-old woman developed subcutaneous emphysema and hoarseness on postoperative day1 following RAT. Esophageal rupture was diagnosed by computed tomography and endoscopy, and immediate surgical exploration confirmed esophageal rupture, as well as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. We performed a jejunal free flap repair of the 8-cm defect in the esophagus. End-to-side microvascular anastomoses were created between the right external carotid artery and the jejunal branches of the superior mesenteric artery, and end-to-end anastomosis was performed between the external jugular vein and the jejunal vein. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was repaired with a 4-cm nerve graft from the right ansa cervicalis. Esophagography at 1 year after surgery confirmed that there were no leaks or structures, endoscopy at 1 year confirmed the resolution of vocal cord paralysis, and there were no residual problems with swallowing or speech at a 5-year follow-up examination. RAT requires experienced surgeons with a thorough knowledge of anatomy, as well as adequate resources to quickly and competently address potentially severe complications such as esophageal rupture.

Bowel Perforation Due to Immobilization after Resurfacing Thumb with Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap in an Elderly Diabetic Woman

Inevitable immobilization after surgery on lower extremities can induce chronic constipation. Elderly diabetic women usually express ambiguous gastrointestinal symptoms and signs. We present here a case of panperitonitis developed from severe fecal impaction in an elderly diabetic woman after hand reconstruction using material harvested from the lower extremities. A 68-year-old diabetic female underwent anterolateral thigh free flap and wound revision twice on the left thumb. Three weeks after surgery, she complained about mild abdominal pain though she had daily defecation. Despite encouraging ambulation, her compliance was low. Resection of the sigmoid colon and colostomy were performed after diagnosis with bowel perforation. However, the patient went into septic shock and died with multiorgan failure after the guardians issued a DNR (do not resuscitate) order. For preventing bowel perforation, increased uptake of dietary fiber and early ambulation postoperatively should be encouraged, after even hand surgeries.

Reconstructive Modalities According to Aesthetic Consideration of Subunits of the Cheek after Wide Excision of Skin Cancer

BACKGROUND: Defects of the cheek present a reconstructive challenge because of the visibility of the site, as well as the limited local tissue supply. In addition, the cheek abuts several structures with expressive function, such as the eye, mouth, and surrounding facial musculature. This report describes a system of classifying cheek defects according to tumor size and location and present corresponding reconstruction techniques used to accomplish three-dimensional restoration of all missing components and adequate texture matching. METHODS: From 2008 to 2013, 27 patients with cheek defects resulting from skin cancer excision were treated. According to the size of the defect, location on the cheek, and relationships to adjacent structures and existing skin tension lines, different surgical methods were applied. RESULTS: The procedures used for cheek reconstruction included direct closure, Limberg flap, V-Y advancement flap, slide-swing flap, cheek rotation flap, and full-thickness skin graft. All flaps healed well without major complications, and no cancer recurrence was detected during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomic classification of skin cancers and surgical protocols described in this report is simple and appropriate for reconstruction involving the cheek. Wide excision of skin cancer and appropriate, relatively easy-to-perform flaps based on this classification system can successfully produce safe and aesthetically-pleasing surgical outcomes.

Vitamin D Status and Its Relation with Abdominal Adiposity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors of Korean Adults in Certain Areas

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D is thought to play an important role in adipogenesis and in preventing a variety of diseases. There are few studies that analyze the relationship between vitamin D and the distribution of fat in Korean population. This study analyzed the vitamin D status in adults and evaluated its relationship with obesity also with cardiovascular risk factors in a Korean community. METHODS: Subjects involved patients who visited a health promotion center. Anthropometric measurements as in subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were assessed. Blood tests including glucose, hemoglobin A1c, lipid profiles, 25(OH)D were evaluated. We analyzed the correlation between 25(OH)D concentrations with obesity factors and with cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Among the studied patients, 25(OH)D status was sufficient for 2.7%, insufficient for 27.2%, and deficient for 70.1%. 25(OH)D was negatively correlated with visceral adipose tissue, but no association was found between subcutaneous fat, waist circumference and body mass index. Among cardiovascular risk factors, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were negatively correlated with vitamin D. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency was found in 70.1% in this community. Vitamin D level showed significant correlation with visceral adipose tissue among abdominal fat tissue, but less significant correlation with cardiovascular risk factor.

Poor Health-Related Quality of Life and Proactive Primary Control Strategy May Act as Risk Factors for Acute Coronary Syndrome

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Increasing evidence supports that psychological factors may be related to development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Although psychological well-being, ill-being, and control strategy factors may play a significant role in CAD, rarely have these factors been simultaneously examined previously. We assessed comprehensive psychological factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 85 ACS patients (56 unstable angina, 29 acute myocardial infarction; 52.6+/-10.2 years; M/F=68/17) and 63 healthy controls (48.7+/-6.7 years, M/F=43/20) were included. Socio-demographic information, levels of psychological maladjustment, such as anxiety, hostility, and job stress, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and primary and secondary control strategy use were collected through self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the ACS group and control group in levels of anxiety, hostility, and job stress. However, ACS patients had significantly lower scores on the general health perception and bodily pain subscales of HRQoL than the control group. The ACS group, as compared with the controls, tended to use primary control strategies more, although not reaching statistical significance by univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting age and gender identified the physical domain of HRQoL {odds ratio (OR)=0.40}, primary control strategy (OR=1.92), and secondary control strategy (OR=0.53) as independent predictors of ACS. CONCLUSION: Poor HRQoL and primary control strategy, proactive behaviors in achieving ones' goal, may act as risk factors for ACS, while secondary control strategy to conform to current situation may act as a protective factor for ACS.

Treatment of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Parotid Fistula after Face Lifting

Botulinum toxin type A has an inhibitory action not only on neuromuscular junctions, but also postganglionic sympathetic and cholinergic autonomic parasympathetic acetylcholine release at the secretary end of the salivary gland. Use of botulinum toxin to treat sialorrhea was first reported in 1997 by Bushara. Parotid duct or gland injuries with parotid fistula are uncommon but troublesome complications of surgical trauma. Here, we report two patients with constant leakage of serous fluid and a swelling cheek after facelift surgery. Each patient underwent an amylase test, starch iodine test, and sialography. After diagnosis of parotid fistula, a total of 50 units botulinum toxin was injected into the parotid gland. Facial bandage, scopolamine, and minimizing temporomandibular joint motion were instructed. Leakage volume decreased gradually, and symptoms subsided within 2 weeks. Neither functional problems nor complications occurred. In conclusion, a parotid fistula after facial surgery can be treated effectively with botulinum toxin; this treatment option should be considered before proceeding with invasive surgical treatment.

Correction of Severely Asymmetric Calf using Latissimus Dorsi Musculocutaneous Free Flap and Customized Silicone Implant

Calves can be easily seen in daily life and are an important part of the body contour. Asymmetric calves can develop from unbalanced distribution and deposition of fat and muscles between the legs. Calf asymmetry may be due to congenital factors, disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, or infection), spinal cord injury, or the effects of surgical treatment and may have severe adverse psychological and social implications. Generally, an asymmetric calf is diagnosed when the difference of the longest circumference between both calves is more than 2 cm. Several surgical methods have been introduced for the correction of an asymmetric calf. Implant insertion or fat injection is used to augment a hypotrophic calf. Selective neurectomy, liposuction, muscle resection, radiofrequency, and botulinum toxin injection are used to treat a hypertrophic calf. With the development of microsurgery, the authors planned to use a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous free flap (LDMC free flap) with silicone implant to add calf volume to obtain natural calf contour. The authors present the first successful case of correction of a severely asymmetric calf using an LDMC free flap and customized silicone implant.

The diagnostic utility of chest computed tomography scoring for the assessment of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Amiodarone is one of the most widely used antiarrhythmic agents; however, amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (APT) can be irreversible and sometimes fatal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of chest computed tomography (CT) as a diagnostic tool for APT and to assess the utility of the CT APT score as an index for predicting the severity of APT. METHODS: Patients underwent amiodarone treatment for various reasons, most often atrial fibrillation, for more than 2 years, and those that received a cumulative dose > 100 g were enrolled. A total of 34 patients who underwent chest CT between December 2011 and June 2012 were enrolled, whether or not they had clinical symptoms. The APT CT score was defined as the number of involved regions in the lung, which was divided into 18 regions (right and left, upper, middle, and lower, and central, middle, and peripheral). The CT findings were evaluated according to the total dose and duration of amiodarone treatment and the results of a pulmonary function test. Clinical symptoms and outcomes were also evaluated according to APT CT scores. RESULTS: Seven patients had positive APT CT scores (interstitial fibrosis in five, organizing pneumonia in one, and mixed interstitial fibrosis and organizing pneumonia in one), and these patients exhibited significantly lower diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide in the lungs compared with patients without an increased APT CT score (70.2% +/- 6.9% vs. 89.7% +/- 19.4%; p = 0.011). Three of the seven patients experienced overt APT that required hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: Chest CT is a useful diagnostic tool for APT, and the APT CT score might be a useful index for assessing the severity of APT.

Diagnostic Value and Prognostic Significance of Pleural C-Reactive Protein in Lung Cancer Patients with Malignant Pleural Effusions

PURPOSE: C-reactive protein (CRP) has been implicated in various inflammatory and advanced malignant states. Increased serum CRP (s-CRP) levels have been shown to be associated with independent prognostic factors for survival in patients with advanced lung cancer. However, only few studies have focused on the role of CRP in pleural effusions. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of pleural CRP (p-CRP) in lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pleural effusion (PE) samples were collected from patients with MPE (68 lung cancers; 12 extrathoracic tumors), and from 68 patients with various benign conditions (31 with pneumonia; 37 with tuberculosis). Concentrations of p- and s-CRP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CRP level in pleural fluid and its association with survival were examined. RESULTS: p-CRP levels correlated with s-CRP levels (r=0.82, p<0.0001). For the differential diagnosis of MPE and benign PE, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was greater for p-CRP (0.86) than for s-CRP (0.77). High p-CRP expression significantly correlated with shorter overall survival (p=0.006). P-CRP was independent prognostic factor significantly associated with overall survival on multivariated analysis (p=0.0001). The relative risk of death for lung cancer patients with high p-CRP levels was 3.909 (95% confidence interval, 2.000-7.639). CONCLUSION: P-CRP is superior to s-CRP in determining pleural fluid etiology. Quantitative measurement of p-CRP might be a useful complementary diagnostic and prognostic test for lung cancer patients with MPE.

Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity: Percutaneous Needle Aspiration Biopsy and Ultrastructural Findings / 이화의대지

Amiodarone has been widely used for supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias and many patients benefit from its effectiveness in treating potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. However, this drug can cause multi-organ toxicity, including amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (APT). Not only does amiodarone have a long half-life but also is lipophilic and therefore can easily accumulate in tissues. Hence, it is difficult to monitor therapeutic levels and side effects, making it difficult to predict toxicities. In this case, we describe multi-organ complications secondary to amiodarone use, especially APT combined with pneumonia with atypical pathogens and pulmonary hemorrhage. The patient reached a high cumulative dose of amiodarone despite a low maintenance dose of amiodarone. This case highlights an unusual presentation of APT with multi-organ toxicity and we review articles regarding the association between the cumulative dose of amiodarone and amiodarone-induced toxicities.

A Case of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis with Endobronchial Nodular Involvement / 결핵및호흡기질환

Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown cause that is characterized pathologically by noncaseating granulomas. Diagnosis is based on the exclusion of other infectious, interstitial, and neoplastic diseases and on the typical pathology. Although the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes are almost involved, endobronchial nodular lesions of sarcoidosis with lung involvements are rare. We report a case of sarcoidosis with lung involvements and endobronchial nodules as confirmed by bronchial biopsy.

Association of Hemoglobin A1c with Visceral Fat Measured by Computed Tomography in Nondiabetic Adults / 農村醫學 地域保健

OBJECTIVE: A prediabetes hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 5.7%-6.4% is considered a risk factor for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the USA. In this study, we assessed the HbA1c and visceral fat levels as CVD risk factors in health check-up examinees who were not yet diagnosed with diabetes. METHODS: Totally, 507 study subject were categorized as per criteria of the American Diabetes Association, depending on whether the HbA1c level was > or =5.7% or or =5.7% and or =5.7% (odds ratio=1.005, 95% CI 1.002~1.008). CONCLUSIONS: Visceral fat levels were significantly higher and correlated with the group which HbA1c level is > or =5.7%. This finding suggests that subjects who have high levels of HbA1c should be carefully monitored during prediabetes and should have chance to have health education programs.

Correlation between N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Doppler Echocardiographic Parameters of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure in Atrial Fibrillation

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia with a population prevalence of about 1%. Natriuretic peptide level is elevated in patients with AF with diastolic dysfunction even with a normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. The N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level and Doppler echocardiographic parameters for diastolic function have shown correlation with LV filling pressures. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between echocardiographic parameters and serum NT-proBNP in patients with AF with preserved LV ejection fraction. METHODS: We examined transthoracic echocardiography and NT-proBNP levels in the patients with AF and patients with sinus rhythm. Blood samples were taken for serum NT-proBNP measurements within 24 hours of echocardiographic examination. The group 1 was the patients with sinus rhythm (n = 30, mean age 68 +/- 13 years) and the group 2 was the patients with AF (n = 33, mean age 70 +/- 14 years). RESULTS: The group 2 patients had significantly higher mitral E, E' (lateral annulus), E/E' (septal annulus), left atrial (LA) volume index, LA size, pulmonary vein diastolic velocity, and NT-proBNP level than those of group 1 patients (p 15 in patients with AF at cutoff value of 433 pg/mL. CONCLUSION: NT-proBNP level is well correlated with Doppler echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function in patients with AF and preserved LV ejection fraction. NT-proBNP level more than 433 pg/mL may suggest elevated LV filling pressure in patients with AF.

Inhibitory Effects of 1',2'-Dihydrorotenone on Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption In Vitro and In Vivo / 체질인류학회지

It is important to identify therapeutic compounds with no adverse effects for use in the chemotherapy of patients with bone-related diseases. The aim of this study was to identify a new compound that inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Herein, we examined the effects of 1',2'-dihydrorotenone on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. 1',2'-dihydrorotenone inhibited receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation of cultured bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in a dose-dependent manner. However, 1',2'-dihydrorotenone did not exert cytotoxic effect on BMMs. 1',2'-dihydrorotenone suppressed the expression of c-fos and NFATc1 as well as osteoclast-specific genes in BMMs treated with RANKL. Treatment with RANKL inhibited the expression of inhibitors of differentiation/DNA binding (Id)1, 2, and 3; however, in the presence of 1',2'-dihydrorotenone, RANKL did not suppress the expression of Id1, 2, and 3. Furthermore, 1',2'-dihydrorotenone inhibited bone resorption and considerably attenuated the erosion of trabecular bone induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that 1',2'-dihydrorotenone has the potential to be applied in therapies for bone-related diseases.

A Case of Staphylococcal Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis With Para-Aortic Abscess in a Patient With Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Paravalvular abscess is a serious complication of infective endocarditis. The aortic valve and its adjacent ring are more susceptible to abscess formation and paravalvular extension than the mitral valve. A 15-years old patient with bicuspid aortic valve presented with staphylococcal tricuspid valve endocarditis complicated by para-aortic abscess that ruptured into the aortic sinus. We report the clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic features and treatment of this patient and conduct a literature review on this subject.

Nitric Oxide Is an Essential Mediator for Neuronal Differentiation of Rat Primary Cortical Neuron Cells

Nitric oxide (NO) regulates proliferation, differentiation and survival of neurons. Although NO is reported to involve in NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells, the role of NO has not been characterized in primary neuron cells. Therefore, we investigated the role of NO in neuronal differentiation of primary cortical neuron cells. Primary cortical neuron cells were prepared from rat embryos of embryonic day 18 and treated with NMMA (NOS inhibitor) or PTIO (NO scavenger). Neurite outgrowth of neuron cells was counted and the mRNA levels of p21, p27, c-jun and c-myc were measured by RT-PCR. Neurite outgrowth of primary cortical neuron cells was inhibited a little by NOS inhibitor and completely by NO scavenger. The mRNA levels of p21 and p27, differentiation-induced growth arrest genes were increased during differentiation, but they were decreased by NOS inhibitor or NO scavenger. On the other hand, the level of c-jun mRNA was not changed and the level of c-myc mRNA was increased during differentiation differently from previously reported. The levels of these mRNA were reversed in NOS inhibitor- or NO scavenger-treated cells. The level of nNOS protein was not changed but NOS activity was inhibited largely by NOS inhibitor or NO scavenger. These results suggest that NO is an essential mediator for neuronal differentiation of primary cortical neuron cells.

Tumor Lysis Syndrome Induced by Radiotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency that is characterized by numerous metabolic abnormalities, including hyperuricemic nephropathy, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia and increased serum creatinine. This syndrome is common for tumors with rapid cell turnover and growth rates, and for bulky tumors with high sensitivity to anti-neoplastic treatments. Hence, TLS is a well-recognized clinical problem in hematologic malignancies. TLS is rarely observed to be induced in solid tumors by chemotherapy. Herein we present the second case of TLS that developed during radiotherapy in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer.